C. Diff
Bacteria normally found in the large intestine, which can cause a serious intestinal infection and diarrhea in some people who are taking antibiotics. It is also known as clostridium difficile or c. difficile.
C. Difficile
Bacteria normally found in the large intestine, which can cause a serious intestinal infection and diarrhea in some people who are taking antibiotics. It is also known as clostridium difficile or c. diff.
C-Section
A surgical procedure used for delivery of a baby through an incision made through the abdomen and uterus. A cesarian section is performed for a variety of maternal and/or fetal issues; it can be planned or emergency; it can be done with general anesthesia (the mother is put to sleep) or local anesthesia. The reasons may include a position other than head down, failure for labor to dilate the cervix, a baby that is too large for your pelvis size, or fetal distress as demonstrated by a decreased heart rate with or without contractions. It is also known as cesarean section.
Cafe-Au-Lait-Spots
Light brown patches of pigment on the skin, a classic symptom of neurofibromatosis (NF) I.
Calcitonin
A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland which controls the levels of calcium and phosphorous in the blood.
Calcium
Essential for the growth and repair of bones throughout life and has been suggested as a preventive measure for other diseases.
Calcium Channel Blocker
A medication that lowers blood pressure.
Cancer
Cancer is not just one disease but rather a group of diseases. All forms of cancer cause cells in the body to change and grow out of control. Most types of cancer cells form a lump or mass called a tumor. The tumor can invade and destroy healthy tissue.
Cancer and Blood Disorders Center
The Cancer and Blood Disorders Center at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin provides treatment for infants, children, teens and young adults with blood disorders including cancer, non-malignant blood diseases, immunodeficiency states and bleeding disorders. The center also is committed to expanding research and teaching efforts to enhance the national recognition and prominence of the program.
Cancer Care Team
The group of health care professionals who work together to find, treat and care for people with cancer.
Cancer Cell
A cell that divides and multiplies uncontrollably and has the potential to spread throughout the body, crowding out normal cells and tissue.
Cancer Treatment
Administering cancer medications directly to the tumor site.
Candida
One type of vaginitis caused by the candida fungus characterized by itching, burning, or redness of the vaginal area. Causes irritation and infection, especially of the mucous membranes of the body such as the mouth, vagina and anus. It is also known as yeast infection.
Candidiasis
A fungal skin infection caused by yeast that can occur in the skin folds, the navel, vagina, penis, mouth and nail beds.
Canker Sores
An illness that causes small ulcers to appear in the mouth, usually inside the lips, on the cheeks, or on the tongue. It is also known as aphthous stomatitis.
Cannulation
A surgical procedure to place catheters for therapeutic treatment.
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels between arteries and veins that distribute oxygen-rich blood to the body.
Caput
A severe swelling of the soft tissues of the baby's scalp that develops as the baby travels through the birth canal.
Caput Succedaneum - severe swelling of the soft tissues of the baby's scalp that develops as the baby travels through the birth canal. Some babies have some bruising of the area. The swelling usually disappears in a few days without problems. Babies delivered by vacuum extraction are more likely to have this condition.
Carbohydrates
One of three main types of foods, along with proteins and fats. Found in breads, cereals, grains, fruits, and vegetables. Changed into a simple sugar called glucose during digestion. Provides the body with a source of energy.
Carbon Dioxide
A byproduct of energy production in the body. It is removed from the blood by the lungs as the blood passes through them and is exhaled.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Almost 300 people die each year from carbon monoxide poisoning, and thousands of others develop symptoms that require emergency medical attention. Carbon monoxide poisoning is the most common cause of accidental poisoning-related deaths and is often called "the silent killer."
Carbuncles
Clusters of boils on the skin.
Carcinogen
An agent (chemical, physical, or viral) that causes cancer. Examples include tobacco smoke and asbestos.
Cardiac
Pertaining to the heart.
Cardiac Arrest
The stopping of the heartbeat.
Cardiac Arrhythmias
Irregular heartbeats.
Cardiac Catheterization
A diagnostic procedure in which a tiny, hollow tube (catheter) is inserted into an artery or vein in order to evaluate the heart and blood vessels. See our Quality Reports for information on our catheterization volumes.
Cardiac Output
Total amount of blood being pumped by the heart over a particular period of time.
Cardiologist
A physician who specializes in the medical evaluation and treatment of heart diseases.
Cardiology
The clinical study and practice of treating the heart.
Cardiology/Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic
Herma Heart Center clinics at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin treat children and adults with congenital and acquired heart disease. See our Quality Reports for information on our Herma Heart Center outcomes and statistics.
Cardiomyopathy
A disease of the heart muscle that causes it to lose its pumping strength.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
The use of breathing and chest compressions to help save a person's life.
Cardiovascular (CV)
Pertaining to the heart and blood vessel (circulatory) system.
Cardiovascular Disorders
Cardiovascular System (CVS)
Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels.
Cardioversion
The procedure of applying electrical shock to the chest to change an abnormal heartbeat into a normal one.
CARE (Constipation and Reflux Evaluation) Program
Up to 25% of children who are referred to Gastroenterology have a disorder of defection management and 25% of infants are referred for reflux. Treatment and management of constipation and reflux are provided in the CARE Program at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin by a team of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners in collaboration with Gastroenterologists.
Carotid Artery
The major arteries in the neck that supply blood to the brain.
Carrier Testing
Testing performed to determine whether a person carries one copy of an altered gene for a particular recessive disease.
Cartilage
A connective tissue that covers the ends of bones in a joint. Cartilage is made up of cells and fibers and is found mostly in joints.
Caruncle
A small, red portion of the corner of the eye that contains modified sebaceous and sweat glands.
Cast
Holds a broken bone in place as it heals, prevents or decreases muscle contractures, or provides immobilization, especially after surgery. Casts immobilize the joint above and the joint below the area that is to be kept straight and without motion. For example, a child with a forearm fracture will have a long arm cast to immobilize the wrist and elbow joints.
CAT Scan
A non-invasive procedure that takes cross-sectional images of the brain or other internal organs. A diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images (often called "slices"), both horizontally and vertically, of the body. A CAT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat and organs. CAT scans are more detailed than general x-rays. It is also known as computerized tomography scan or CT scan.
Cat Scratch Disease
Cat scratches and bites can cause cat scratch disease, a bacterial infection carried in cat saliva. The bacteria are passed from a cat to a human after the cat licks its paws then scratches human skin. Rubbing the eyes after petting a cat's fur can also spread cat scratch disease. Young kittens less than 1 year of age are more likely to scratch, increasing the likelihood of infection.
Cataracts
A change in the structure of the crystalline lens that causes blurred vision.
Catarrhal
Swelling of the membranes of the nose and back of the throat that can lead to breathing problems.
Catheter
A flexible tube used to drain fluid from or inject fluid into the body. May refer to a tube used during a cardiac catheterization procedure to inject dye, obtain blood samples and measure pressures inside the heart; may also refer to a small tube used to help drain the bladder during and after a surgical procedure. The most common catheters are the Foley catheter, used to drain urine from the bladder, and intravenous (IV) catheters inserted into veins to administer fluids.
Catheters Insertions
A catheter is inserted into large veins for giving chemotherapy drugs, nutritional support, and hemodialysis. A catheter may also be inserted prior to bone-marrow transplantation.
Cavernous Hemangioma
A raised, red or purple mark in the skin, made up of enlarged blood vessels. It is also known as hemangioma strawberry mark.
Cecum
The beginning of the large intestine. Attached to the last section of the small intestine, known as the ileum.
Celiac Disease
A sensitivity to gluten, a wheat protein. Individuals with this disease must avoid gluten-containing grains, which include all forms of wheat, oats, barley and rye. It is also known as celiac sprue or gluten sensitive enteropathy.
Celiac Disease Clinic, Bonnie Lynn Mechanic
In addition to treating children who have Celiac disease, staff at Children's Hospital work extensively to educate patients and their families about how best to live a "gluten-free" life. Colin Rudolph, MD, has served as medical adviser to the Friends of Celiac Disease, a national group dedicated to improving and enhancing the lives of Celiac patients. The clinic is named for Bonnie Lynn Mechanic, who lost her battle with Celiac disease in 1973 at age 20.
Celiac Sprue
A sensitivity to gluten, a wheat protein. Individuals with this disease must avoid gluten-containing grains, which include all forms of wheat, oats, barley and rye. It is also known as celiac disease or gluten sensitive enteropathy.
Cellulitis
A bacterial infection of the skin that is characterized by swelling and tenderness.
Central Apnea
The brain's breathing control center.
Central Cyanosis
A bluish color of the mucous membranes and skin over the entire body caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood. It is also known as cyanosis, generalized.
Central Line (UVC/PICC/CVL)
A type of intravenous (IV) line that is inserted into a vein and threaded through to an area near the heart. An umbilical venous catheter (UVC) is placed in the vein of the umbilical cord. It is also known as central venous catheter.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Referring to the brain and the spinal cord.
Central Venous Catheter (UVC/PICC/CVL)
A type of intravenous (IV) line that is inserted into a vein and threaded through to an area near the heart. An umbilical venous catheter (UVC) is placed in the vein of the umbilical cord. It is also known as central line.
Cephalohematoma
An area of bleeding underneath one of the cranial bones that appears as a raised lump on the baby's head.
Cephalometric X-Ray
An x-ray with the patient's head in a fixed position, from which measurements of the cranium and the face can be made.
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
A broad term that describes a group of neurologic (brain) disorders. It is a life-long condition that affects the communication between the brain and the muscles, causing a permanent state of uncoordinated movement and posturing. CP is the result of an episode that causes a lack of oxygen to the brain. CP is treated in the Cerebral Palsy Clinic, which is part of the Tone Management and Mobility Program at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin.
Cerebral Palsy Clinic
Staff in the Orthopedic Center at Children's Hospital has a wide range of experience and provides state-of-the-art treatment for cerebral palsy and other conditions. The Cerebral Palsy Clinic is part of the Tone Management and Mobility Program at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin.
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
Fluid produced in the ventricles, surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Acts as a cushion for these organs.
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis
A special needle is placed into the lower back, into the spinal canal. This is the area around the spinal cord. The pressure in the spinal canal and brain can then be measured. A small amount of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) can be removed and sent for testing to determine if there is an infection or other problems. CSF is the fluid that bathes your child's brain and spinal cord. It is also known as spinal tap and lumbar puncture. A procedure used to make an evaluation or diagnosis by examining the fluid withdrawn from the spinal column. It is also known as spinal tap or lumbar puncture.
Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLC)
Nurses or other health care providers who are specially trained to help women with breastfeeding. In the NICU, these professionals can instruct you in the proper techniques for nursing your baby. They can also teach you about pumping and storing your breast milk for your baby.
Cervical
Those vertebrae located in the neck area.
Cervicitis
An inflammation of the cervix by a number of different organisms.
Cervix
The lower, narrow part of the uterus (womb) located between the bladder and the rectum. It forms a canal that opens into the vagina, which leads to the outside of the body. The cervix is required to efface 100% (thinning or flattening) and dilate (stretching or widening) to 10 cm. during labor in order to accommodate the delivery of a baby.
Cesarean Section
A surgical procedure used for delivery of a baby through an incision made through the abdomen and uterus. A cesarian section is performed for a variety of maternal and/or fetal issues; it can be planned or emergency; it can be done with general anesthesia (the mother is put to sleep) or local anesthesia. The reasons may include a position other than head down, failure for labor to dilate the cervix, a baby that is too large for your pelvis size, or fetal distress as demonstrated by a decreased heart rate with or without contractions. It is also known as c-section.
Chemical Burns
Burns due to strong acids or alkalies coming into contact with the skin and/or eyes.
Chemical Burns Of The Eye
When a child gets any type of chemical in his/her eye.
Chemotherapy
A medicine that can help fight cancer.
Chest X-Ray
May be used to assess heart status (either directly or indirectly) by looking at the heart itself, as well as the lungs.
Chiari Malformation
A problem present at birth that affects the area in the back of the head where the brain and the spinal cord connect.
Chickenpox
A highly viral infectious disease, usually associated with childhood. By adulthood, more than 95 percent of Americans have had chickenpox. The disease is caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Transmission occurs from person-to-person by direct contact or through the air.
Child/Adolescent Psychiatrist
Licensed physicians (MD or DO) who specialize in the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Their medical and psychiatric training with children and adolescents prepares them to treat children and adolescents either individually, as part of and involving the family unit, and/or in a group setting. Child and adolescent psychiatrists can prescribe medications, if needed.
Child Advocacy Center - Fox Valley
The mission of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin-Fox Valley Child Advocacy Center is to alleviate secondary trauma to children who have been victims of maltreatment, whether through physical or sexual abuse or neglect. The center provides a multidisciplinary coordinated response by various community agencies, including law enforcement, social services, the District Attorney and medical community.
Child Advocacy Center - Kenosha
The mission of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin-Kenosha Child Advocacy Center is to alleviate secondary trauma to children who have been victims of maltreatment, whether through physical or sexual abuse or neglect. The center provides a multidisciplinary coordinated response by various community agencies, including law enforcement, social services, the District Attorney and medical community.
Child Development Center
The Child Development Center at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin is dedicated to the care of children with developmental disabilities from infancy through adolescense such as language and communication disorders, dyslexia and learning disorders, autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Child Life Specialist
A hospital staff member who has special training in the growth and development of children. A Child Life Specialist can help your child with play activities, relaxation and pain management skills and help meet the educational and emotional needs of the entire family.
Child Protection Center
The Child Protection Center at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin provides comprehensive assessments of children suspected to be victims of child abuse or neglect. The goal of the center is to protect children from abuse and provide resources to help them heal.
Child Psychologist
Licensed mental health professional (PhD or PsyD) who specializes in the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders. Training prepares clinical psychologists to treat children either individually, as part of and involving the family unit, and/or in a group setting. Psychologists also conduct cognitive, academic and personality testing.
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
One type of pervasive developmental disorder that is characterized by a marked regression in multiple areas of functioning following a period of at least two years of apparently normal development. It is also known as disintegrative disorder and disintegrative psychosis.
Children's Motility and Functional Bowel Disorders Program
The Children's Motility and Functional Bowel Disorders Program of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin is a subspecialty program within the division of Pediatric Gastroenterology (GI). The program, one of only a handful of pediatric motility programs in the country, provides consultative and diagnostic services for infants, children and adolescents who have a wide variety of disorders resulting from abnormal movements or sensation in the gastrointestinal tract.
Children's Urgent Care
Children's Urgent Care sites are the Milwaukee area's only walk-in clinics just for children. There are four clinics open evenings and weekends when regular pediatric offices are closed for children who are sick or have minor injuries. Appointments never are needed.
Chlamydial Infection
Very common sexually transmitted disease or urinary tract infection caused by a bacteria-like organism in the urethra and reproductive system.
Cholangiography
X-rays of the bile ducts.
Cholecystectomy
An operation to remove the gallbladder.
Cholesterol
A waxy substance that can be found in all parts of your child's body. It aids in the production of cell membranes, some hormones and vitamin D. Also found in foods from animal sources, like beef, eggs and butter. Too much cholesterol in the body can lead to narrowing and blockage of the arteries, especially those that feed the heart and keep it healthy. High cholesterol can also cause the formation of gallstones. Ideally, blood cholesterol levels should be less than 200mg/dL.
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
A prenatal test that involves taking a sample of some of the placental tissue. This tissue contains the same genetic material as the fetus and can be tested for chromosomal abnormalities and some other genetic problems.
Choroid
The thin, blood-rich membrane that covers the white of the eyeball; responsible for supplying blood to the retina.
Chromosomal
Refers to chromosomes.
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Requires clinical care by a physician or other health care professional.
Chromosomes
Structures in our cells that carry genes, the basic units of heredity. Each cell within the human body contains 46 of these threadlike structures (23 from the mother and 23 from the father). Each chromosome can contain hundreds or thousands of individual genes.
Chronic
A problem that lasts for a long time.
Chronic Fatigue (CF)
A debilitating condition characterized by profound tiredness, regardless of bed rest. It is also known as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and immune dysfunction syndrome.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
A debilitating condition characterized by profound tiredness, regardless of bed rest. It is also known as chronic fatigue (CF) and immune dysfunction syndrome.
Chronic Lung Disease (CLD)
A general term for long-term respiratory problems in premature babies that results from lung injury from treatments with mechanical ventilators and oxygen. It is also known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
A slowly progressing cancer of the blood in which too many white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
Ciliary Body
The part of the eye that produces aqueous humor (the clear, watery fluid that moves in the eyeball).
Cineangiography
The procedure of taking moving pictures to show the passage of dye through blood vessels.
Circulatory System
Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels, and the circulation of blood.
Circumcision
A surgical procedure to remove the skin covering the end of the penis, called the foreskin.
Cirrhosis
A chronic problem that makes it hard for the liver to remove toxins (poisonous substances) from the body. Alcohol, medicines, and other substances may build up in the bloodstream and cause problems. Cirrhosis is a result of scarring and damage from other diseases, like biliary atresia and alcoholism.
Cleft Lip
An abnormality in which the lip does not completely form. The degree of the cleft lip can vary greatly, from mild (notching of the lip) to severe (large opening from the lip up through the nose).
Cleft Lip and Palate Center
The Cleft Lip and Palate Center brings together several different specialists to provide comprehensive inpatient and outpatient services at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin. We care for patients with cleft lip and palate disorders from birth into adulthood.
Cleft Lip and/or Palate, prenatal diagnosis of:
Through the use of prenatal ultrasound (examining the fetus using ultrasound imaging before birth) the diagnosis of some birth defects can be detected. With this knowledge, families can seek out information which will allow them to participate more fully in decision making and planning care for their infant. It provides them opportunity to plan for delivery at an institution that is able to care for both mother and baby (if special care is needed) which avoids the trauma of transport and separation. Many babies with a cleft lip and/or palate can be born at a local hospital and have follow up care after they go home. A cleft lip is an abnormality in which the lip does not completely form. The degree of the cleft lip can vary greatly, from mild (notching of the lip) to severe (large opening from the lip up through the nose). A cleft palate occurs when the roof of the mouth does not completely close, leaving an opening that can extend into the nasal cavity. The cleft may involve either side of the palate. It can extend from the front of the mouth (hard palate) to the throat (soft palate). Clefting can be of either or both, the lip and/or palate; it can be one sided (unilateral) of the nose or both sides (bilateral) of the nose.
Cleft Palate
Occurs when the roof of the mouth does not completely close, leaving an opening that can extend into the nasal cavity. The cleft may involve either side of the palate. It can extend from the front of the mouth (hard palate) to the throat (soft palate). The cleft may also include the lip.
Clinical Psychologist
Licensed mental health professional (Ph.D. or Psy.D.) who specializes in the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders. Training prepares clinical psychologists to treat adults and children either individually, as part of and involving the family unit, and/or in a group setting. Psychologists also conduct cognitive, academic and personality testing.
Closed Heart Surgery
An operation that repairs problems involving the blood vessels attached to the heart, and may not need the use of the heart-lung bypass machine.
Clostridium Difficile
Bacteria normally found in the large intestine, which can cause a serious intestinal infection and diarrhea in some people who are taking antibiotics. It is also known as C. diff or C. difficile.
Clotting
The sealing of a blood vessel with coagulated blood.
Clubfoot
A foot deformity that is detected at birth. It affects the bones, muscles, tendons, and blood vessels and can affect one or both feet. The foot is usually short and broad in appearance and the heel points downward while the front half of the foot, or forefoot, turns inward. The heel cord (Achilles tendon) is tight. The heel can appear narrow and the muscles in the calf are smaller compared to a normal lower leg. It is also known as talipes equinovarus.
Clubfoot, prenatal diagnosis of
Through the use of prenatal ultrasound (examining the fetus using ultrasound imaging before birth) the diagnosis of some birth defects can be detected. With this knowledge, families can seek out information which will allow them to participate more fully in decision making and planning care for their infant. Clubfoot is a foot deformity that affects the bones, muscles, tendons, and blood vessels and can affect one or both feet. The foot is usually short and broad in appearance and the heel points downward while the front half of the foot, or forefoot, turns inward. The heel cord (Achilles tendon) is tight. The heel can appear narrow and the muscles in the calf are smaller compared to a normal lower leg. It is also known as talipes equinovarus.
Coagulation Disorder
An inherited bleeding disorder caused by low levels, or absence of, a blood protein that is essential for clotting; hemophilia A is caused by a lack of the blood clotting protein factor VIII; hemophilia B is caused by a deficiency of factor IX. It is also known as hemophilia.
Coarctation of the Aorta
A congenital heart defect that results in narrowing of the aorta.
Cochlea
Snail-shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the organ of hearing.
Cochlear Implant
Medical device that bypasses damaged structures in the inner ear and directly stimulates auditory nerve to allow some deaf individuals to learn to hear and interpret sounds and speech.
Cochlear Implantation Clinic
The Cochlear Implant Program at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin is a collaborative program with Froedtert and Medical College. In addition to being the largest cochlear implant program in the state of Wisconsin, the program is recognized nationally for its strong clinical program, participation in investigational studies, on-going research related to cochlear implantation, and contribution to the field.
Cognition
The ability to process information.
Cognitive Development
Development of the ability to think and reason.
Cold Sore
Recurrent, small blisters around and in the mouth caused by the herpes simplex virus.
Colectomy
Partial or complete removal of the large bowel or colon.
Colic
A condition in an otherwise healthy baby characterized by excessive crying.
Colitis
Irritation of the colon (large intestine).
Collagen
A protein produced by skin cells that provide strength and resilience to the skin.
Collateral Vessels
New blood vessels that are created by the body to provide extra blood flow to an area when the blood vessel(s) that are already there are too small, narrowed or blocked.
Colon
The large intestine.
Colonoscopy
A test using a long, flexible tube with a light and camera lens at the end (colonoscope), which examines the large intestine.
Colostomy
A procedure done when there is an abnormality in the large intestine or rectum that allows stool to leave the body by a different route. Through an operation, an opening is made in the abdomen and the colon (large intestine) is connected to it. Stool passes through the opening to a collection bag on the abdomen. A colostomy may be temporary or permanent, depending on the health of the colon.
Colposcopy
Visual examination of the cervix and vagina using a lighted magnifying instrument (colposcope).
Common Bile Duct
A tube that moves bile from the liver to the small intestine.
Common Variable Immunodeficiency
CVID is an immunodeficiency disorder characterized by a low level of antibodies, making it difficult for the child's body to fight diseases. It is treated in the Primary Immunodeficiency Program at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin. It also is known as variable immunodeficiency.
Communication Disorders
Communication disorders are developmental disorders that include expressive language disorder, which focuses on developmental delays and difficulties in the ability to produce speech, and mixed receptive-expressive language disorder, which focuses on developmental delays and difficulties in the ability to understand spoken language and produce speech.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
Complementary Medicine
Any form of therapy used in combination with other alternative treatments or standard/conventional medicine. Complementary therapy usually serves to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.
Complementary Therapy
Therapies used in addition to standard therapy.
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
A measurement of size, number, and maturity of the different blood cells in a specific volume of blood.
Compliance
Fulfillment by the patient of the prescribed orders of treatment (i.e., taking medications after a transplant).
Composite Resins
White fillings, a composite resin is a tooth-colored plastic mixture filled with glass (silicon dioxide) that is used primarily for cosmetic improvements of the smile by changing the color of the teeth or reshaping disfigured teeth.
Computerized Tomography Scan
A non-invasive procedure that takes cross-sectional images of the brain or other internal organs. A diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images (often called "slices"), both horizontally and vertically, of the body. A computerized tomography scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat and organs. Computerized tomography scans are more detailed than general x-rays. It is also known as CT scan or CAT scan.
Concussion
An injury to the head area that may cause instant loss of awareness or alertness for a few minutes up to a few hours after the traumatic event.
Concussion Clinic
Children's Hospital of Wisconsin offers the state's only Concussion Clinic for kids and young adults, up to age 22. Our pediatric sports medicine specialists evaluate children's injuries and offer guidance and education to ensure it's safe for them to return to regular activities, such as school, driving, physical activity or sports.
Conduct Disorder
A behavior disorder, sometimes diagnosed in childhood, that is characterized by antisocial behaviors which violate the rights of others and age-appropriate social standards and rules.
Conduction System
The electrical system inside the heart that stimulates the heart to beat.
Conductive Hearing Impairment
Hearing loss caused by dysfunction of the outer or middle ear.
Condyle
The joint portion of the lower jaw.
Congenital
Present at birth.
Congenital Anomaly
A health problem present at birth (not necessarily genetic).
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM)
A rare congenital anomaly that presents as a cystic mass of the lungs.
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Mass, prenatal diagnosis of:
Through the use of prenatal ultrasound (examining the fetus using ultrasound imaging before birth) the diagnosis of some birth defects can be detected. With this knowledge, families can seek out information which will allow them to participate more fully in decision making and planning care for their infant. It provides them opportunity to plan for delivery at an institution that is able to care for both mother and baby which avoids the trauma of transport and separation. Congenital cystic adenomatoid mass or CCAM is a rare congenital anomaly that presents as a cystic mass of the lung or lungs.
Congenital Cytomegalovirus
A virus related to the herpes virus group of infections. Like herpes, it is inactive at times, but it is incurable and is a life-time infection. Congenital cytomegalovirus may be passed from a mother to her baby during pregnancy and is the most common congenital viral infection. It is also called cytomegalovirus (CMV) or cytomegalovirus inclusion disease.
Congenital Heart Defect/Disease
A heart problem present at birth, caused by improper development of the heart during fetal development. It is also known as congenital heart defect. See our Quality Reports for information on our Herma Heart Center outcomes and statistics.
Congenital Heart Disease, prenatal diagnosis of
Through the use of prenatal ultrasound (examining the fetus using ultrasound imaging before birth) the diagnosis of some birth defects can be detected. Fetal echocardiogram is an ultrasound typically performed by a pediatric cardiologist, that looks specifically at the heart structure, circulation and vessels. With this knowledge, families can seek out information which will allow them to participate more fully in decision making and planning care for their infant. It provides them opportunity to plan for delivery at an institution that is able to care for both mother and baby which avoids the trauma of transport and separation. Congenital heart disease or congenital heart defect is a heart problem present at birth, caused by improper development of the heart during fetal development.
Congenital Hypothyroidism
A condition in which the baby is born with too little thyroid hormone. Hypothyroidism is also quite common, occurring in about one in every 3,600 to 5,000 babies in the United States. Untreated low thyroid hormone levels can lead to mental developmental problems and poor growth. All 50 states screen for hypothyroidism.
Congenital Limb Defects
Occur when a portion or the entire upper or lower limb fails to form normally when the baby is developing in the uterus.
Congenital Muscular Torticollis
Congenital muscular torticollis is a condition in which an infant's neck muscle is shortened causing the neck to twist. Congenital means present at birth and torticollis means twisted neck. The condition is sometimes called "wryneck."
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
A condition in which the heart cannot pump out all of the blood that enters it, which leads to an accumulation of blood in the vessels leading to the heart and fluid in the body tissues. Excess blood in the pulmonary (lung) blood vessels can also occur, leading to fluid accumulation in the lungs.
Conjunctiva
The membrane that lines the exposed eyeball and the inside of the eyelid.
Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye.
Constipation
Hard, dry stools that are difficult to pass in a bowel movement, or having fewer than three bowel movements per week.
Constipation and Reflux Evaluation (CARE) Program
Up to 25% of children who are referred to Gastroenterology have a disorder of defection management and 25% of infants are referred for reflux. Treatment and management of constipation and reflux are provided in the CARE Program at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin by a team of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners in collaboration with Gastroenterologists.
Constrict
Tighten; narrow.
Contact Dermatitis
A rash or an inflammation of the skin caused by contact with various substances.
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)
One of two types of peritoneal dialysis. Does not require a machine. Exchanges, often referred to as "passes," can be done three to five times a day, during waking hours.
Continuous Cyclic Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD)
One of two types of peritoneal dialysis. Requires the use of a special dialysis machine that can be used in the home. This type of dialysis is done automatically, even while your child is asleep.
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
Air or an air-oxygen mixture mechanically pushed into a baby's lungs to keep the air sacs open after each breath, reducing the effort the baby must make to breathe. May be delivered through an ETT or through short tubes placed in the nose.
Contusion
A bruise to the brain. A contusion causes bleeding and swelling inside of the brain around the area where the head was struck.
Cooley's Anemia
Thalassemia is an inherited disorder that affects the production of normal hemoglobin (a type of protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the tissues of the body). Thalassemia includes a number of different forms of anemia. The severity and type of anemia depends upon the number of genes that are affected. Beta thalassemia is caused by mutations in the beta chain of the hemoglobin molecule. It is also known as beta thalassemia.
Cornea
The clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye.
Corneal Abrasion
A scratch or injury to the cornea, the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. This is a very common occurrence in children.
Corneal Curvature
The shape of the front surface of the eye.
Coronal Suture
The joining line (suture) between the frontal and parietal bones of the skull that crosses the top of the skull from temple to temple.
Coronary Arteries
Two arteries that come from the aorta to provide blood to the heart muscle.
Coronary Heart Disease
A heart attack.
Corticosteroids
A group of anti-inflammatory drugs similar to the natural corticosteroid hormones produced by the adrenal glands.
Cortisol
Corticosteroid hormone. It is also known as hydrocortisone.
Counting Fetal Movement/Daily Fetal Movement Counting
This is a means of evaluating fetal well-being, to be done daily. A fetus should move a minimum of 10 times in two hours. If the baby moves 10 times in 10 minutes, you are done for that day. However, if later in the day you notice your baby is not moving as much, you can always repeat the test. A good time to do fetal movement counting is after a meal. If your baby fails this test, call your doctor immediately or go directly to labor and delivery.
Coup-Countercoup
When there is a direct blow to the head, shaking of the child (as seen in many cases of child abuse), or a whiplash-type injury (as seen in motor vehicle accidents), the bruising of the brain and the damage to the internal tissue and blood vessels is due to a mechanism called coup-countercoup.
Counter Coup Lesion
As the brain jolts backwards, it can hit the skull on the opposite side and cause a bruise called a counter coup lesion. The jarring of the brain against the sides of the skull can cause shearing (tearing) of the internal lining, tissues, and blood vessels that may cause internal bleeding, bruising or swelling of the brain.
Coup Lesion
A bruise directly related to trauma, at the site of impact.
Cradle Cap
Characterized by fine, white scales on infant. Symptoms include dry or greasy scales on the scalp. It can occur in the diaper area, face, neck and trunk. Seborrheic dermatitis in this age group usually clears within the first year. It is also known as seborrheic dermatitis.
Craniectomy
Excision of a part of the skull.
Craniofacial
Pertaining to the head (skull) and face.
Craniofacial Clinic
Surgeons in the Center for Craniofacial Disorders at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin were the first in North America and Europe to perform distraction on a neonate born with an underdeveloped lower jaw, developing the only real cure for this disorder. Surgeons also treat cleft lip and palate, vascular malformations, facial paralysis, severe burns, craniofacial trauma including fractures and dog bites, craniosynostosis (prematurely fused skull), giant congenital pigmented nevus (birthmarks) and plagiocephaly (misshapen skull).
Craniofacial Anomalies (CFA)
A diverse group of deformities in the growth of the head and facial bones.
Craniosynostosis
A condition in which the sutures (soft spots) in the skull of an infant close too early, causing problems with normal brain and skull growth. Premature closure of the sutures may also cause the pressure inside of the head to increase and the skull or facial bones to change from a normal, symmetrical appearance.
Craniotomy
Surgical opening of the skull to gain access to the intracranial structures.
CREST Syndrome
A less severe form of scleroderma is called CREST. The CREST syndrome represents the following symptoms:
- Calcium skin deposits.
- Raynaud's phenomenon (a condition in which the blood vessels of the fingers and toes go into spasm when triggered by factors such as cold, stress, or illness; the result is cold, painful, or numb fingers and toes which in severe cases may become gangrenous).
- Esophageal dysfunction (problems with the esophagus, the tube between the mouth and the stomach).
- Sclerodactyly (skin damage on fingers).
- Telangiectasia (spider veins), limits skin damage to the fingers. However, this disease, when coupled with pulmonary hypertension (elevated blood pressures within the lungs), can lead to heart and respiratory failure.
Cri Du Chat Syndrome
A rare combination of birth defects caused by a deletion of chromosome 5p.
Crohn's Disease
A chronic illness that causes irritation in the digestive tract. It occurs most commonly in the ileum (lower small intestine) or in the colon (large intestine). It is a form of inflammatory bowel disease. It is also known as ileitis or enteritis.
Crossbite
An abnormal relation of one or more teeth, in which the buccal or outside cups of the lower (mandibular) teeth are lateral to the those of the upper (maxillary) teeth.
Croup
A disease caused by a virus that leads to swelling in the airways and problems breathing.
Crown
A "cap" that covers a cracked or broken tooth, unfixed by a filling, to approximate its normal size and shape.
Crust
A formation of dried blood, pus or other skin fluid over a break in the skin. It is also known as a scab.
Cryosurgery
Destruction of a lesion on the skin by freezing with liquid nitrogen.
Cryptorchidism
A condition seen in newborns whereby one or both of the male testes has not passed down into the scrotal sac. It is also known as undescended testes.
Crystalline Lens
The transparent structure inside the eye that focuses light rays onto the retina. It is also known as lens.
CT Scan
A non-invasive procedure that takes cross-sectional images of the brain or other internal organs. A diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images (often called "slices"), both horizontally and vertically, of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat and organs. CT scans are more detailed than general x-rays. It is also known as computerized tomography scan or CAT scan.
Culture
A laboratory test that involves the growing of bacteria or other microorganisms to aid in the diagnosis.
Curettage
This common type of surgery involves scraping away skin tissue with a curette.
Curette
A sharp surgical instrument.
Cyanosis
A bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood.
Cyanosis, Circumoral
A bluish color of the skin around the mouth caused by a decreased amount of oxygen in the blood.
Cyanosis, Generalized
A bluish color of the mucous membranes and skin over the entire body caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood. It is also known as central cyanosis.
Cyanotic
Appearing blue, due to insufficient oxygen in the blood.
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome (CVS)
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome is one of the more unrecognized and misdiagnosed childhood diseases. It is marked by severe, recurrent attacks of vomiting in a child who is otherwise completely healthy for weeks or even months at a time before and after the attacks. Over the course of 24 - 48 hours, a child may have more than 30 vomiting episodes, occurring every 10 minutes at its peak. Stomach flu is a common misdiagnosis of CVS, as are food poisoning, gastric reflux and even bulimia.
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome (CVS) Program
Children's Hospital of Wisconsin recently welcomed B Li, MD, pediatric gastroenterologist, who is seeing patients in the newly created interdisciplinary Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome (CVS) Program. He also is a professor of Pediatrics (Gastroenterology) at the Medical College of Wisconsin.
Cyst
A closed sac in or under the skin that is filled with fluid or semisolid material. Breast cysts are generally benign.
Cystic
Non-cancerous tumor that may be filled with fluid or other material.
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
An inherited autosomal recessive condition that causes the secretion of abnormal mucus in the lungs and problems with pancreas function and food absorption.
Cystic Fibrosis Clinic
The pulmonary clinics at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin welcome children and adults with a wide range of problems inlcuding cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, breathing problems, lung transplantation, tracheal atresia, home mechanical ventilation and apnea.
Cystic Hygroma
A large cyst or pocket of lymphatic fluid that results from blocked lymphatic vessels. A cystic hygroma may contain multiple cysts connected to each other by the lymphatic vessels.
Cystoscopy
An examination in which a scope, a small, flexible tube with a light and a camera lens at the end (endoscope), is inserted through the urethra to examine the bladder and urinary tract for structural abnormalities or obstructions, such as tumors or stones. It is also known as cystourethroscopy.
Cystourethrogram
A specific x-ray that examines the urinary tract. A catheter (hollow tube) is placed in the urethra (tube that drains urine from the bladder to the outside of the body) and the bladder is filled with a liquid dye. X-ray images will be taken as the bladder fills and empties. The images will show if there is any reverse flow of urine into the ureters and kidneys. It is also known as voiding cystourethrogram.
Cystourethroscopy
An examination in which a scope, a small, flexible tube with a light and a camera lens at the end (endoscope), is inserted through the urethra to examine the bladder and urinary tract for structural abnormalities or obstructions, such as tumors or stones. It is also known as cystoscopy.
Cytogenetics
The study of chromosomal material.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
A virus related to the herpes virus group of infections that infect humans and can cause a variety of clinical symptoms including deafness or hearing impairment. Like herpes, it is inactive at times, but it is incurable and is a life-time infection. CMV may be passed from a mother to her baby during pregnancy and is the most common congenital viral infection. It is also called congenital cytomegalovirus or cytomegalovirus inclusion disease.
Cytomegalovirus Inclusion Disease
A virus related to the herpes virus group of infections that infect humans and can cause a variety of clinical symptoms including deafness or hearing impairment. Like herpes, it is inactive at times, but it is incurable and is a life-time infection. cytomegalovirus inclusion disease may be passed from a mother to her baby during pregnancy and is the most common congenital viral infection. It is also called cytomegalovirus (CMV) or congenital cytomegalovirus.
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