Common Reasons for Referral

Paradoxical vocal fold dysfunction

Paradoxical vocal fold dysfunction is an abnormal closure of the vocal folds during respiration that produces airflow obstruction at the level of the larynx (voice box).

Vocal fold nodules 

Vocal fold nodules are a benign mass of tissue that grows usually on both vocal folds. Over time, repeated abuse of the vocal folds results in soft, swollen spots on each vocal fold. These spots develop into harder, callous-like growths called nodules. Symptoms include hoarseness, painful speech production, frequent vocal breaks, and reduced vocal range.

Vocal fold paresis/paralysis

Vocal fold paresis/paralysis results from abnormal nerve input to the muscles around the voice box (larynx). Paralysis is the total interruption of nerve impulse, resulting in no movement; paresis is the partial interruption of nerve impulse, resulting in weak or abnormal motion of laryngeal muscles.